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3 papers

1981The Annals of Statistics, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 465-474, DOI: 10.1214/aos/1176345451

Gauss and the invention of least squares

Stephen M. Stigler

Finding: Gauss introduced the least squares method in 1809 to solve problems in astronomy and geodesy, and it remains one of the most important statistical methods.

least squares regression

1908Biometrika (https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/6.1.1)

The Probable Error of a Mean

William Sealy Gosset

Finding: Proved that for small samples, the distribution of the mean has heavier tails than the normal distribution, and provided tables of critical values for statistical significance.

t-distribution statistics

1763Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1763.0053)

An Essay towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances

Thomas Bayes

Finding: The derivation of the basic formulation of posterior distributions, laying the foundational framework for what is now known as Bayesian inference.

bayes-theorem probability