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    Automatic Differentiation in Machine Learning: a Survey

    Barak A. PearlmutterJeffrey Mark SiskindAlexey Andreyevich RadulAtılım Güneş Baydin
    📅 2017🏛 Journal of Machine Learning Research (JMLR), Vol. 18, pp. 1-43 — https://jmlr.org/papers/v18/17-468.html
    Problem

    Calculating derivatives of complex functions, especially those in machine learning models, is a critical but difficult task. Manual derivation is error-prone and infeasible for large models.

    Method

    The paper surveys Automatic Differentiation (AD), reviewing forward mode and reverse mode. Reverse mode is shown to be exceptionally efficient for functions with many inputs and a single output (the loss function).

    Finding

    Reverse-mode AD is the foundational algorithm that powers the training of virtually all deep learning models — commonly known in the ML community as backpropagation.

    Limitations

    The paper is a survey rather than a novel method, and focuses primarily on deep learning applications of AD.

    Practical application

    Automatic differentiation is the enabling technology for training the neural networks at the core of the software agent (UI understanding), the typing robot (computer vision), and the humanoid robot (perception and control).

    📇 Summary flashcard — 13 analytical fields for this paper

    خلاصه

    A comprehensive survey of Automatic Differentiation (AD), clarifying that backpropagation is an application of reverse-mode AD.

    نمای سریع

    Connects the mathematical concept of differentiation with its automated implementation in frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch.

    یافته‌های کلیدی

    Reverse-mode AD is the foundational algorithm that powers the training of virtually all deep learning models — commonly known in the ML community as backpropagation.

    هدف

    To provide a unified view of AD for the ML community and show why reverse mode suits neural network training.

    روش

    The paper surveys Automatic Differentiation (AD), reviewing forward mode and reverse mode. Reverse mode is shown to be exceptionally efficient for functions with many inputs and a single output (the loss function).

    نتایج

    Systematizes AD theory and application in ML as a standard reference.

    نتیجه‌گیری

    Automatic Differentiation is mature and essential technology for modern AI.

    مفاهیم کلیدی

    automatic-differentiation، backpropagation، deep-learning، machine-learning، optimization، calculus

    مطالعه‌ی بیشتر

    https://jmlr.org/papers/v18/17-468.html

    تحلیل

    Bridges the numerical-computation and machine-learning communities' independent discoveries of the same technique.

    محدودیت‌ها

    The paper is a survey rather than a novel method, and focuses primarily on deep learning applications of AD.

    کارهای آینده

    AD for probabilistic models, higher-order derivatives, and novel hardware accelerators.

    کاربرد عملی

    Automatic differentiation is the enabling technology for training the neural networks at the core of the software agent (UI understanding), the typing robot (computer vision), and the humanoid robot (perception and control).

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